Environmental surveillance

The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has announced a plan to launch wastewater surveillance for 10 viruses across 50 Indian cities, strengthening the country’s disease monitoring and preparedness system.

What is Environmental Surveillance?

• It is the tracking of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites) in environmental samples such as sewage, wastewater, soil, and air.

• Unlike clinical testing, it captures hidden or asymptomatic infections at the community level.

How Does It Work?

1. Sample Collection: Sewage plants, hospitals, airports, and public spaces are tapped to reflect large population groups.

2. Pathogen Detection: Tests identify microbes shed through stools, urine, or respiratory secretions.

3. Genome Sequencing: Entire genomes are mapped to detect mutations and new variants, aiding pandemic preparedness.

4. Trend Analysis: Regular pathogen load monitoring signals infection surges before clinical cases appear.

Key Features

• Non-invasive: Monitors entire communities without individual testing.

• Cost-effective: One wastewater test reflects the health status of thousands.

• Time-sensitive: Can detect surges 7–10 days before clinical cases rise.

• Scalable: Works across multiple diseases—cholera, polio, COVID-19, and more.

• Tech-enabled: AI/ML tools and smart sensors enhance prediction and reach.

Why It Matters

• Early Warning: Provides advance notice of outbreaks, giving time for response.

• Efficient Health Planning: Supports better allocation of vaccines, medicines, and hospital capacity.

• Stronger Preparedness: Helps India stay ready for both endemic diseases and future pandemics